Carbon Offsetting - Tree Planting

Global warming is being caused by greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acting as an insulating blanket around the world and so keeping in heat from the sun, rather than it reflecting back into outer space again.

Much of this carbon dioxide has been released in the last 150 years from "carbon-sinks" in the form of the fossil fuels gas, oil and coal reserves where ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide was trapped and sequested millions of years ago. Burning the fossil fuels combines the carbon they contain with atmospheric oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

Recently tree-planting schemes have been touted as way to become "carbon-neutral". In other words, if you emit carbon dioxide from a flight you went on, by driving your car or just by being a 21st century citizen, you can neutralize that amount by planting trees (or rather by having trees planted on your behalf for a fee) that will absorb the same quantity of carbon dioxide that you caused to be produced.

So I thought "I wonder how realistic this could be" - time to get the calculator and do some sums.

Estimates for the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from "anthropogenic sources" (sources due to man's activities) - this is mainly from fossil fuel burning - are around 22 billion tons per annum.

The amount of carbon dioxide taken up and held by forest in biomass of the trees is variable, but a figure of 120 tonnes of carbon per hectare as suggested here has been taken for the basis of the following calculations. This is in line with the range of similar values for a number of species of forest tree here and of Brazilian forest here.

120 tonnes of carbon per hectare corresponds to 440 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare of mature forest trees.

Carbon - atomic mass = 12
Carbon dioxide - CO₂ - molecular mass - 12 + 16 + 16 = 44

So a mature forest can soak up the equivalent of 440 tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per hectare in the 50-100 years it takes to reach maturity - that's a one-off total - not per year and may take several decades to get there.

In order to deal with currently generated carbon dioxide, an area of forest equivalent to:

22 billion tonnes divided by 440 tonnes per hectare - is needed

= 50 Million hectares per annum or 500 000 square kilometres per annum

...to be planted with forest and held in perpetuity (not cut down or allowed to revert back to atmospheric carbon dioxide).

This is approximately equivalent to the entire land area of Spain, twice as big as the United Kingdom and bigger than any US state other than Texas (696,621 sq km.) or Alaska (1,717,854 sq. km.) To be forested anew each year and held as such forever.

Therefore planting trees alone other than on a colossal scale  is not going to even allow us to stand still
- let alone start to reverse the effects of global warming.

There are many environmental benefits from planting trees beyond absorbing carbon dioxide. The problems can arise when trees are planted in order to absorb carbon dioxide.

There are moves to establish a "Gold Standard", "Code of Best Practise" or accreditation scheme for all offsetting schemes and to regulate the industry.

See also Tufts Climate Initiative report December 2006

Climate Change: Global Warming | GW Antarctica | Misconceptions | Carbon sinks | Carbon cycle | Prevention | Carbon Offsetting | Tree Planting