Shackleton Tweets
Endurance Expedition
1: South Georgia to Midwinter 1915

The events of the expedition: 1 - South Georgia to Midwinter 1915 | 2 - midwinter to the sinking of the Endurance | 3 - life on the ice | 4 - lifeboats to Elephant Island | 5 - rescue mission to South Georgia | 6 - rescue from Elephant Island


1 Dec 1914
I have decided to leave South Georgia about December 5, whaling captains advise ice conditions very severe - Ernest Shackleton, Endurance, 1914.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The Endurance at anchor at South Georgia

2 Dec 1914
Orde-Lees made storekeeper by Shackleton at South Georgia, Lees regrets it hadn't happened in London.

4 Dec 1914
Coal stacked 7-8ft high on the deck of the Endurance, preparing to sail into the Weddell Sea Antarctica tomorrow. currently at Grytviken.

5 Dec 1914
Shackleton gave the order to heave anchor at 8.45 am, the real adventure has begun, the Endurance is ready to sail into the Weddell Sea.

6 Dec 1914
Endurance makes good progress south-easterly. Weather hazy, pass two bergs, several growlers, numerous lumps of ice, bird life plentiful.

8 Dec 1914
Large numbers of bergs mostly tabular lay to the west. The presence of so many is ominous, later we faced a belt of heavy pack-ice.

9 Dec 1914
This morning brought an easterly breeze and hazy weather with snow, at 4.30 p.m. we encountered the edge of pack-ice.

13 Dec 1914
We found several good leads to the south in the evening. The pack extended in all directions as far as the eye could reach.

13 Dec 1914
Frank Wild shot a young Ross seal on the floe. He was a young male and proved very good eating, a square meal for our twenty-eight men.

14 Dec 1914
A platform has been rigged under the jib-boom so Hurley might secure kinematograph pictures of the ship breaking through the ice.

17 Dec 1914
The Endurance has remained against the floe for the last 24 hours. The pack extends to the horizon all around broken by innumerable narrow lanes.

22 Dec 1914
The longest day, Dec 21 1914, was beautifully fine, gentle WNW breeze. Made a start at 3am, proceeded through the pack to the SW.

25 Dec 1914
Grog served at midnight to all on deck and again at breakfast for those who had been in their bunks at midnight.

25 Dec 1914
A really splendid dinner, turtle soup, whitebait, jugged hare, Christmas pudding, mince-pies, dates, figs crystallized fruits, rum & stout.

28 Dec 1914
Southerly gale blowing snow in clouds off the floe, temp fallen to 23F. The dogs are having an uncomfortable time in their deck quarters.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
A snowfall while heading south

28 Dec 1914
Lupoid, one of the dogs taken by Shackleton on the Endurance.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Lupoid, one of the dogs, so named for his resemblance to a wolf

31 Dec 1914
Endurance is having a serious encounter with ice. Stopped by floes closing on us, at noon jammed between two while pressure heeled us over 6 deg.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The Endurance reaches heavy pack ice

The ice thins and the ship finds a way through

3 Jan 1915
2 a.m. leads ended in hummocky ice impossible to penetrate. By midnight we came to a full stop in weather thick with snow.

8 Jan 1915
Endurance passed not fewer than five hundred bergs on this day. One, a rampart berg was 150ft high and a quarter of a mile long.

14 Jan 1915
Passed through large schools of seals swimming splashing and blowing around us Hurley made a record with the kinematograph-camera.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Frank Hurley filming from high in the ships rigging

14 Jan 1915
One of the bitches gave birth on board ship in the Weddell Sea increasing our number of dogs!

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Tom Crean with Husky puppies born on the Endurance

20 Jan 1915
A survey of our position shows the ship firmly beset. Ice is packed heavily and firmly all round us in every direction.

21 Jan 1915
Slight movement of ice caused the rudder to be dangerously jammed had to cut it away with ice-chisels heavy iron with 6-ft. wooden hafts.

18 Feb 1915
The sun, continually above the horizon for two months set at midnight last night. Open water soon freezes, the season is getting late.

19 Feb 1915
We are trying to break through the ice to a lead to free the Endurance. Wordie - "the fates are still against us".

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Trying to cut a path through ice to open sea using ice saws and picks

22 Feb 1915
22nd Feb Endurance reaches farthest south at 77°S 35W. Temps are low day and night, pack freezing solidly around the ship. -10F (minus 23C) at 2am.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Our path so far, green line to arrival at South Georgia, red line since South Georgia

24 Feb 1915
Stopped observing ships routine today, the Endurance is now a winter station, the men are reconciled to not being freed until the end of the year.

24 Feb 1915
We are stuck "like an almond in toffee" as "Chippy" McNish describes it.

25 Feb 1915
The dogs were taken off the ship today with a huge amount of joyous noise to be away from their unstable quarters.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Some of our dogs
 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The dogs being taken off the ship

25 Feb 1915
Kennels for the dogs being made on the ice from ice blocks and wood, they have been named "dogloos" by Worsley.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
New dog quarters off the ship with much more space

27 Feb 1915
All the fit dogs are being exercised in the sledges and take to the work with enthusiasm, sometimes laughably so.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Leonard Hussey, meteorologist, exercising a dog team near the ship on sea-ice

1 Mar 1915
Listened to Endurance radio equipment in vain for Saturday time signals from the Argentinians, no 2 am Port Stanley monthly signal either.

1 Mar 1915
Controversy surrounds how best to preserve 2000 onions, airy shelves or freezing, they are valuably anti-scorbutic (anti-scurvy) - Orde-Lees.

6 Mar 1915
Icebergs within the Endurance's circle of vision have all become familiar objects, we have names for some of them.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The Endurance stuck in the ice waiting to be released
 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
A line of snow and cairns connected with a rope, to allow the men to find the ship if on the ice ina white-out

12 Mar 1915
This is the red letter day of my Antarctic life so far, I have succeeded in breaking down the sailors prejudice against seal meat - Orde-Lees.

The ice around the ship was quite varied, some flat and smooth, some very high and chaotic

18 Mar 1915
A huge ice crack 20yds wide just 200yds from the ship opened up during an overnight blizzard, no use, but it shows the movements of the floe.

18 Mar 1915
Bi-weekly we all get involved in the most basic of tasks, while it breaks down the hierarchy it's not universally popular!

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Alexander Macklin, James Wordie and Alfred Cheetham cleaning the floor of The Ritz aboard Endurance

24 Mar 1915
Frank Hurley - My night watch. Have a warm bath in front of the bogie fire. Change my 3 months worn garments and wash socks.

24 Mar 1915
7-8 mile long crack, 100yds wide opened in the ice. One feels one is going to remain imprisoned in the ice forever.

26 Mar 1915
We heard a great yell from the floe and found Clark dancing about, shouting Scottish war-cries.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Cracks in the ice called leads regularly opened and closed as currents and winds many miles away pulled and pushed at it
 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Robert Selbie Clark, biologist

26 Mar 1915
He has secured his first complete specimen of an Antarctic fish, apparently a new species.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Open water in leads would soon refreeze again in the cold temperatures

27 Mar 1915
Gramophone concert in the evening, at which all hands attend, fo'c'stle included. (Endurance crew as well as officers).

30 Mar 1915
Mirages are frequent. Sometimes it appears that barrier-cliffs are all around us even in places where we know there is deep water.

15 Apr 1915
April has not been uneventful. During the nights we hear the ice grinding, by morning young ice is rafted 8-10ft high.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Two of the Endurance crew amongst ice ridges pushed up by the pressure from the pack ice

15 Apr 1915
Samson, a 75lb dog justified his name starting at a smart pace with a sledge carrying 200lbs of blubber and a driver.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Leonard Hussey and Samson, the largest of the dogs

29 Apr 1915
Worsley reports that a minute after an impressive sun set he saw a golden glow, the sun appeared again and 15 mins later the sun set a second time.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The setting sun and the bow of the Endurance

29 Apr 1915
A strong drift relieved our fears carrying us to the lee of an iceberg which finally left our sight by the end of the month.

1 May 1915
An extraordinary mild and bright day, our enjoyment was tempered with sadness as we saw the sun for the last time for 4 months today.

1 May 1915
The moon shone tonight with great splendour, Orde-Lees went for a moonlight cycle ride along the dog team track, 3 miles out and back.

9 May 1915
Remarkable reappearance of the sun at noon, it rose, disappeared and rose again, all due to abnormal mirages and refraction.

9 May 1915
A great day for the dog teams, 6 teams of 7 dogs each put to the test. A 20 mile run with 400lbs and 2 men on each sledge, temp -15 to -19.

13 May 1915
We take a turn at night watch every 28 days, duties include keeping the fires lit, it is rewarded by the luxury of a bath.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The nightwatchman returns to the safety and warmth of the ship after his rounds to check if the ice is moving

13 May 1915
A blizzard still rages outside all but urgent work stops, the dogs are unexercised, Clark is skinning a large penguin on the dinner table!

20 May 1915
An hilarious evening where everyone had their hair shorn, we look like a party of convicts. We are living largely on roast penguin meat now.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Winter shaven haircuts

24 May 1915
May 24 Empire Day celebrate by singing patriotic songs all hands wish a speedy victory for the British arms. We do not know how the war goes.

2 Jun 1915
Frank Hurley - Succeeded in taking a picture of the dogs being fed and weighed using flash powder and electrical firing. .

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
Feeding time for the dogs in their kennels or "dogloos" in the dark of the winter night
 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The dogs were regularly weighed to check on their condition and that they were being fed properly

8 Jun 1915
An occasional friendly moon or faint noon twilight each day reminding us of the sun are the only light we have

15 Jun 1915
The day of the "Antarctic Derby" betting has been heavy, the serious bets involve chocolate or cigarettes, money isn't so useful here.

15 Jun 1915
5 teams of 7 dogs each set out in the dim noon twilight, the pups joined in the cacophony, Wild came out of the gloom to win in 2 min 16s.

22 Jun 1915
June 22nd, we celebrate Midwinter's Day, 6 hours of twilight and a good moon at noon. The day is observed as a holiday with a feast.

 Shackleton - Endurance expedition
The Midwinter feast in The Ritz

22 Jun 1915
A three hour concert held in "The Ritz" with everyone convulsed with laughter. The sailors were not invited but had gifts of rum, tobacco etc.

 

Next page:  2 - midwinter to the sinking of the Endurance



Credits, sources and references

Diaries - the diaries of expedition members were as sources of information and quotes to inform this narrative of the expedition.


    Ernest Shackleton - South! - at Project Gutenberg
    Thomas Orde-Lees - see book links below
    Frank Worsley - see book links below
    Frank Hurley - link
    Harry McNeish (Henry McNish) - link

Pictures - from a variety of sources particular credit to:

    State Library of New South Wales - link
    National Library of Australia - link
    National Library of New Zealand - link
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - link


Ernest Shackleton Books and Video

 

South - Ernest Shackleton and the Endurance Expedition
South - Ernest Shackleton and the Endurance Expedition (1919)
original footage - Video


Shackleton - The Greatest Survival Story of All Time (3-Disc Collector's Edition)
Shackleton
dramatization
Kenneth Branagh (2002) - Video
 

Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure (Large Format)
Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure (2001)
IMAX dramatization - Video

The Endurance - Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition
The Endurance - Shackleton's Legendary Expedition (2000)
PBS NOVA, dramatization with original footage - Video
Endurance, The Greatest Adventure Story Ever Told, book
Endurance : Shackleton's Incredible Voyage
Alfred Lansing (Preface) - Book


South with Endurance:
Frank Hurley - official photographer
Book


South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition, 1914-17
South! Ernest Shackleton
Shackleton's own words
Book

 Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer
Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer
Book

Shackleton's Boat Journey: The narrative of Frank Worsley
Book


 

Shackleton
biography by Roland
Huntford
Book

 
The Quest for Frank Wild, biography by Angie Butler
Book


The Endurance : Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition
by Caroline Alexander
Book

Mrs. Chippy's Last Expedition:
The Remarkable Journal of Shackleton's Polar-Bound Cat
Book

 
Shackleton's Forgotten Men
Lennard Bickel
Book


 
Elephant Island and Beyond: The Life and Diaries of Thomas Orde Lees Book
 
Shipwreck at the Bottom of the World, The True Story of the Endurance Expedition
Shipwreck at the Bottom of the World -
Jennifer Armstrong
for ages 12 and up
Book